I don't think that's how it works.. You can have the largest man made battery in the world hooked up, as long as it's 12volts, your starter will draw only what it needs to crank.The bigger the battery (IN CCA, not in voltage) the better it is, as your voltage drop will be lower with a big draw.
The short answer is NO, a larger battery with extra CCAs will not cause any additional wear and tear, everything else being equal. On the contrary it will be better for the starter and the wiring long term (a stretch on the wiring comment, but more CCAs=longer time draw at a voltage closer to nominal 12v=less heat=happier wires.)